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@Article { Raeth2014,
   title = {Refractive index changes and nuclear activation upon irradiation of lithium niobate crystals with different low-mass, high-energy ions},
   journal = {Appl. Phys. A},
   year = {2014},
   volume = {117},
   number = {3},
   pages = {1041-1044},
   abstract = {Refractive index changes \(\Delta\)n in lithium niobate crystals upon irradiation with high-energy protons, deuterons, \(^{3}\)He, and \(^{4}\)\(\alpha\) particles (up to 14 MeV/nucleon) are created, and the accompanying, unwanted nuclear activation is investigated. The measurements give answers to the question which ion is the best choice depending on the requirements: largest values of \(\Delta\)n are achieved with \(^{4}\)\(\alpha\) particles, low nuclear activation with deuterons, or the best tradeoff between \(\Delta\)n and activation with \(^{3}\)He, respectively.},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs00339-014-8524-y},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00339-014-8524-y},
   author = {Raeth, N. L. and Goetze, J. and Peithmann, K. and Maier, K.}
}

@Article { ISI:000292331200101,
   title = {Electrical conductivity and asymmetric material changes upon irradiation of Mg-doped lithium niobate crystals with low-mass, high-energy ions},
   journal = {J. Appl. Phys.},
   year = {2011},
   volume = {109},
   number = {12},
   pages = {124104},
   abstract = {Radiation damage in magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals, created by low-mass, high-energy ions which have transmitted the entire crystal thickness, leads to an enhanced electrical dark conductivity as well as an enhanced photoconductivity. Experimental results on the electrical properties after ion exposure are given, and an asymmetric dependence of the conductivity as well as refractive index changes on the irradiation geometry with respect to the ferroelectric axis is revealed.},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/japiau/v109/i12/p124104_s1},
   ISSN = {0021-8979},
   DOI = {10.1063/1.3596824},
   author = {Jentjens, L. and Raeth, N. L. and Peithmann, K. and Maier, K.}
}

@Article { springerlink:10.1007/s00340-011-4681-2,
   title = {Structuring of material parameters in lithium niobate crystals with low-mass, high-energy ion radiation},
   journal = {Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.},
   year = {2011},
   volume = {105},
   number = {1},
   pages = {113-127},
   abstract = {Ferroelectric lithium niobate crystals offer a great potential for applications in modern optics. To provide powerful optical components, tailoring of key material parameters, especially of the refractive index n and the ferroelectric domain landscape, is required. Irradiation of lithium niobate crystals with accelerated ions causes strong structured modifications in the material. The effects induced by low-mass, high-energy ions (such as \(^{3}\)He with 41 MeV, which are not implanted, but transmit through the entire crystal volume) are reviewed. Irradiation yields large changes of the refractive index \(\Delta\)n , improved domain engineering capability within the material along the ion track, and waveguiding structures. The periodic modification of \(\Delta\)n as well as the formation of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) (supported by radiation damage) is described. Two-step knock-on displacement processes, 3 He→Nb and 3 He→O causing thermal spikes, are identified as origin for the material modifications.},
   affiliation = {Helmholtz-Institut f{\"u}r Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Universit{\"a}t Bonn, Nussallee 14–16, 53115 Bonn, Germany},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/c624u15604046572/},
   publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
   ISSN = {0946-2171},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00340-011-4681-2},
   author = {Peithmann, K. and Eversheim, P.-D. and Goetze, J. and Haaks, M. and Hattermann, H. and Haubrich, S. and Hinterberger, F. and Jentjens, L. and Mader, W. and Raeth, N. L. and Schmid, H. and Zamani-Meymian, M.-R. and Maier, K.}
}

@Article { Zamani-Meymian2010,
   title = {Thermal and long-term stability of fast-ion-irradiation-induced refractive index changes in lithium niobate crystals},
   journal = {Appl. Phys. A},
   year = {2010},
   volume = {98},
   number = {4},
   pages = {909-912},
   abstract = {Irradiation of congruently melting, nominally undoped lithium niobate crystals (LiNbO3) with high-energy, low-mass \(^{3}\)He ions, which are transmitted through the crystal, causes large and stable changes of the refractive index. In the irradiated regions, the extraordinary index is increased whereas the ordinary index is diminished. The decay of these changes upon annealing treatments up to 400\(^{\circ}\)C is investigated, exhibiting a strongly non-monoexponential decay behaviour. Long-term measurements of the refractive index changes yield no pattern erasure on a timescale of four years.},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/310746l53235q1t4/},
   publisher = {{SPRINGER}},
   address = {{233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA}},
   type = {{Article}},
   ISSN = {0947-8396},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00339-009-5475-9},
   author = {Zamani-Meymian, M.-R. and Jentjens, L. and Raeth, N. L. and Peithmann, K. and Maier, K.}
}

@Article { Zamani-Meymian2009,
   title = {{Direct visualization of damage cascades in lithium niobate crystals caused by high-energy ions}},
   journal = {J. Phys. Condensed Matter},
   year = {2009},
   volume = {21},
   number = {7},
   pages = {075402},
   abstract = {Congruently melting undoped lithium niobate crystals are irradiated with 20 MeV3 He ions which penetrate the entire crystal volume. Radiation damage effects are directly visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where damage zones with diameters of 4 nm give rise to circular Fresnel fringe contrasts. These regions of modified material, appearing circular in cross-section, are interpreted as damage cascades inflicted by fast Nb and O atoms displaced in knock-on collisions with primary He-3 ions. This two-step displacement process results in local density changes manifested by the contrast behaviour of Fresnel fringes observed in TEM images.},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-8984/21/7/075402/},
   publisher = {{IOP PUBLISHING LTD}},
   address = {{DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND}},
   type = {{Article}},
   ISSN = {{0953-8984}},
   DOI = {{10.1088/0953-8984/21/7/075402}},
   author = {Zamani-Meymian, M.-R. and Peithmann, K. and Maier, K. and Schmid, H. and Mader, W.}
}

@Article { springerlink:10.1007/s00340-009-3496-x,
   title = {Radiation-damage-assisted ferroelectric domain structuring in magnesium-doped lithium niobate},
   journal = {Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt.},
   year = {2009},
   volume = {95},
   number = {3},
   pages = {441-445},
   abstract = {Irradiation of 5\% magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals (LiNbO 3 :Mg) with high-energy, low-mass 3 He ions, which are transmitted through the crystal, changes the domain reversal properties of the material. This enables easier domain engineering compared to non-irradiated material and assists the formation of small-sized periodically poled domains in LiNbO 3 :Mg. Periodic domain structures exhibiting a width of ≈520 nm are obtained in radiation-damaged sections of the crystals. The ferroelectric poling behavior between irradiated and non-treated material is compared.},
   affiliation = {Universit{\"a}t Bonn Helmholtz-Institut f{\"u}r Strahlen- und Kernphysik Nussallee 14-16 53115 Bonn Germany},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/c624u15604046572/},
   publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
   ISSN = {0946-2171},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00340-009-3496-x},
   author = {Jentjens, L. and Peithmann, K. and Maier, K. and Steigerwald, H. and Jungk, T.}
}

@Article { Jentjens2008,
   title = {Domain reversal properties and refractive index changes of magnesium doped lithium niobate upon ion exposure},
   journal = {J. Appl. Phys.},
   year = {2008},
   volume = {103},
   number = {3},
   pages = {034104},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JAP/103/034104/1},
   publisher = {AIP},
   DOI = {10.1063/1.2838207},
   author = {Jentjens, L. and Hattermann, H. and Peithmann, K. and Haaks, M. and Maier, K. and K{\"o}sters, M.}
}

@Article { Peithmann2006b,
   title = {Fabrication of Embedded Waveguides in Lithium-Niobate Crystals by Radiation Damage},
   journal = {Appl. Phys. B},
   year = {2006},
   volume = {82},
   number = {3},
   pages = {419-422},
   abstract = {Irradiation of lithium-niobate crystals (LiNbO3) with fast, high-energy 3He ions changes the refractive index in the interaction region where the ions speed through the material. Thus an inhomogeneous flux density profile can be used for a tailored modification of the optical properties of LiNbO3 crystals, without employing ion implantation. A new method to fabricate embedded, polarization sensitive channel waveguides in LiNbO3 utilizing accelerated 3He ions with an energy of 40 MeV is demonstrated.},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/ymmmw7g171131779/},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00340-005-2002-3},
   author = {Peithmann, K. and Zamani-Meymian, M.-R. and Haaks, M. and Maier, K. and Andreas, B. and Buse, K. and Modrow, H.}
}

@Article { Peithmann2006a,
   title = {Refractive Index Changes in Lithium Niobate Crystals by High-Energy Particle Radiation},
   journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B},
   year = {2006},
   volume = {23},
   number = {10},
   pages = {2107-2112},
   abstract = {Irradiation of lithium niobate crystals with 41 MeV \(^{3}\)He ions causes strong changes of the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indexes. We present a detailed study of this effect. Small fluence of irradiation already yields refractive index changes about 5\(\times\)10\(^{−4}\); the highest values reach 3\(\times\)10\(^{−3}\). These index modulations are stable up to 100\(^{\circ}\)C and can be erased thermally, for which temperatures up to 500\(^{\circ}\)C are required. A direct correlation between the refractive index changes and the produced lattice vacancies is found.},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-23-10-2107},
   DOI = {10.1364/JOSAB.23.002107},
   author = {Peithmann, K. and Zamani-Meymian, M.-R. and Haaks, M. and Maier, K. and Andreas, B. and Breunig, I.}
}

@Article { Andreas2004,
   title = {Modification of the Refractive Index of Lithium Niobate Crystals by Transmission of High Energy \(^{4}\)He\(^{2+}\) and D\(^{+}\) Particles},
   journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.},
   year = {2004},
   volume = {84},
   number = {19},
   pages = {3813},
   abstract = {We report reductions of the refractive index of congruently melting lithium niobate crystals of up to 6\(\times\)10\(^{−3}\) by exposure of z-cut samples with high-energy \(^{4}\)He\(^{2+}\) and D\(^{+}\) particles which are transmitted through the crystals.},
   tags = {linbo},
   url = {http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v84/i19/p3813_s1},
   DOI = {10.1063/1.1741031},
   author = {Andreas, B. and Peithmann, K. and Buse, K. and Maier, K.}
}