| Abstract: |
Refractive index changes Δn in lithium niobate crystals upon irradiation with high-energy protons, deuterons, 3He, and 4α particles (up to 14 MeV/nucleon) are created, and the accompanying, unwanted nuclear activation is investigated. The measurements give answers to the question which ion is the best choice depending on the requirements: largest values of Δn are achieved with 4α particles, low nuclear activation with deuterons, or the best tradeoff between Δn and activation with 3He, respectively. |
, J. Goetze