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Title: Refractive index changes and nuclear activation upon irradiation of lithium niobate crystals with different low-mass, high-energy ions
Author(s): N. L. Raeth Person, J. Goetze Person, K. Peithmann Person and K. Maier Person
Journal: Appl. Phys. A
Year: 2014
Volume: 117
Issue: 3
Pages: 1041-1044
DOI: 10.1007/s00339-014-8524-y
File URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00339-014-8524-y
Abstract: Refractive index changes Δn in lithium niobate crystals upon irradiation with high-energy protons, deuterons, 3He, and 4α particles (up to 14 MeV/nucleon) are created, and the accompanying, unwanted nuclear activation is investigated. The measurements give answers to the question which ion is the best choice depending on the requirements: largest values of Δn are achieved with 4α particles, low nuclear activation with deuterons, or the best tradeoff between Δn and activation with 3He, respectively.

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